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A tiny rainforest country is growing into a petrostate. A US oil company could reap the biggest rewards
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Guyana’s destiny changed in 2015. US fossil fuel giant Exxon discovered nearly 11 billion barrels of oil in the deep water off the coast of this tiny, rainforested country.It was one of the most spectacular oil discoveries of recent decades. By 2019, Exxon and its partners, US oil company Hess and China-headquartered CNOOC, had started producing the fossil fuel.? They now pump around 650,000 barrels of oil a day, with plans to more than double this to 1.3 million by 2027.
Guyana now has the world’s highest expected oil production growth through 2035.
This country — sandwiched between Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname — has been hailed as a climate champion for the lush, well-preserved forests that carpet nearly 90% of its land. It is on the path to becoming a petrostate at the same time as the impacts of the fossil fuel-driven climate crisis escalate.
While the government says environmental protection and an oil industry can go hand-in-hand, and low-income countries must be allowed to exploit their own resources, critics say it’s a dangerous path in a warming world, and the benefits may ultimately skew toward Exxon — not Guyana.
A tiny rainforest country is growing into a petrostate. A US oil company could reap the biggest rewards
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Guyana’s destiny changed in 2015. US fossil fuel giant Exxon discovered nearly 11 billion barrels of oil in the deep water off the coast of this tiny, rainforested country.It was one of the most spectacular oil discoveries of recent decades. By 2019, Exxon and its partners, US oil company Hess and China-headquartered CNOOC, had started producing the fossil fuel.? They now pump around 650,000 barrels of oil a day, with plans to more than double this to 1.3 million by 2027.
Guyana now has the world’s highest expected oil production growth through 2035.
This country — sandwiched between Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname — has been hailed as a climate champion for the lush, well-preserved forests that carpet nearly 90% of its land. It is on the path to becoming a petrostate at the same time as the impacts of the fossil fuel-driven climate crisis escalate.
While the government says environmental protection and an oil industry can go hand-in-hand, and low-income countries must be allowed to exploit their own resources, critics say it’s a dangerous path in a warming world, and the benefits may ultimately skew toward Exxon — not Guyana.
Since Exxon’s transformative discovery, Guyana’s government has tightly embraced oil as a route to prosperity. In December 2019, then-President David Granger said in a speech, “petroleum resources will be utilized to provide the good life for all … Every Guyanese will benefit.”It’s a narrative that has continued under current President Mohamed Irfaan Ali, who says new oil wealth will allow Guyana to develop better infrastructure, healthcare and climate adaptation.
“You have a government that is reckless about what is going to happen to Guyana,” said Melinda Janki, an international lawyer in Guyana who is handling several lawsuits against Exxon. It’s pursuing “a supposed course of development that is actually backward and destructive,” she told CNN.
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And while plenty of Guyanese people welcome the new oil industry, some say Guyana’s startling economic statistics do not reflect a real-world prosperity for ordinary people, many of whom are struggling with the higher prices accompanying the oil boom. Inflation rose 6.6% in 2023, with prices of some foods shooting up much more rapidly.“Since the oil extraction began in Guyana, we have noticed that our cost of living has gone sky high,” said Wintress White, of Red Thread, a non-profit that focuses on improving living conditions for Guyanese women. “The money is not trickling down to the masses,” she told CNN.
CNN contacted President Ali, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Finance for comment but received no response.
Guyana, a former Dutch then British colony which gained independence in 1966, is one of only a handful of countries that is a “carbon sink,” meaning it stores more planet-heating pollution than it produces. This is due to its vast rainforest; trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow.The country has protected its biodiversity where others have destroyed theirs, President Ali said in a BBC interview last year. In 2009, the country signed an agreement with Norway, which promised Guyana more than $250 million to preserve its 18.5 million hectares, or nearly 46 million acres, of forests.
Ali insists the country can balance climate leadership and fossil fuel exploitation. The new oil wealth will allow Guayana to develop, including building climate adaptations such as sea walls, he has said. He has also pointed to the continued failures of wealthy countries, already grown rich on their own fossil fuels, to help poorer countries with climate finance.
But there are concerns Guyana could fall victim to the “resource curse,” in which vast, new wealth ?can actually make life worse for those who live there.
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<p>Another solid Bitcoin Tumbler option, Bitcoin Mixer requires a minimum deposit of 0.01 BTC to be made but makes up for this with a lower transaction fee of 2% coupled with a 0.0004 BTC network fee. Support for multiple addresses and customer options is provided with users required to provide confirmation for only 1 address. While there is no referral program available, Bitcoin Mixer does offer users with a letter of guarantee for their peace of mind.</p><br>
- Yomix : It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit
- Coin Mixer : Fast payouts
- Bitcoin Laundry : Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions
- Mixero : Excellent customer support
- Coinmize : Zero-log policy
<br><br><h2 id=menu1>1. Yomix – It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit</h2><p>Being one of the earliest crypto coin tumblers, Yomix continues to be a easy-to-use and functional crypto coin mixer. There is a possibility to have two accounts, with and without registration. The difference is that the one without registration is less controllable by a user.The mixing process can be performed and the transaction fee is charged randomly from 1% to 3% which makes the transaction more anonymous. Also, if a user deposits more than 10 BTC in a week, the mixing service reduces the fee by half. With a time-delay feature the transaction can be delayed up to 24 hours. A Bitcoin holder should worry security leak as there is a 2-factor authentication when a sender becomes a holder of a PGP key with password. However, this mixing platform does not have a Letter of Guarantee which makes it challenging to address this tumbler in case of scams.Yomix provides all the anonymity and protection that comes standard with a Bitcoin mixer, as well as many optional features and benefits that you won’t find anywhere else. If you use a new address for withdrawal, the coins you receive back are completely separated from your previous history on the blockchain, so it is almost impossible to link the transaction history with your personality. SmartMix commission is only 0.5% of the deposit amount plus 0.0001 BTC / 0.00005 BCH for each exit address. 5 output addresses can be set. The privacy policy makes it possible to delete all mixing information as soon as it is completed. The resource provides fast and reliable mixing of bitcoins through a simple and attractive user interface. Yomix has made two additional functions for its clients in contrast to its colleagues: 1. Affiliate program. Share your anonymous referral link and earn cryptocurrency bonuses. For each mixing operation performed on your link, you receive 50% of the service fee. 2. Loyalty reward program. Use your anonymous SmartClub code with every mixing operation to receive service charge discounts. The more you mix, the more you save.Yomix supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.001 BTC and the transaction fee is 0.5–3%. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program. Letter of guarantee is provided.One of the most currency-rich mixers in the industry, letting us Mix not just Bitcoin but Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash and Ethereum (coming soon) is what Yomix is. Also flaunts probably the most colourful and easy to use Interfaces I’ve ever seen. Provides 100% Control to users regarding every aspect of the mix. As in, users control the exact amount of fee (to the 4th decimal point!), the exact time-delay (by the minute and not just hours) and also the Percentage distribution. It’s transparent and even has a “fee calculator” which displays the exact amount of funds a user would receive on each additional address, as well as the total service and the address-fee. Maximum 8 total output addresses allowed. The minimum service fee a user can pay is 1%, with the maximum being 5%. The additional address fee is 0.00045529 BTC, 0.01072904 LTC, and 0.00273174 BCH for Bitcoin, Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash respectively. Has three fund-pools, and they all have funds from different sources in them which have different levels of anonymity. Does have a “No Logs Policy”. No registration required.</p><p> Pros:
- Offers a low minimum deposit of 0.002 BTC
- Has impressive time delays
</p> <h2 id=menu2>2. Coin Mixer – Fast payouts </h2><p>Coin Mixer currently only supports Bitcoin mixes, however, it has plans to bring in ETH mixes in the near future. It has been featured on Bitcoin.com/ News BTC/ Crypto News/ The Next Web etc. hence building a bit of trust. Very modern, advanced, user-controlled interface. Allows upto 5 output addresses. Obviously, doesn’t keep any logs whatsoever. The user-control is impressive. You get to control the fund-distribution, as well as the time-delay for each output address manually. Even the fee can be set manually. The cheapest allowed fee is 0.5% which is more than acceptable. The highest is set at 5%. Obviously the 0.25mBTC blockchain transaction fee is attached on top of the selected fee. It even has a “strength meter” which shows how strong your mix is, based on all the factors you’ve selected. No registration required whatsoever. And it does provide the mixing code to ensure all outputs are fresh and not linked to any of your previous deposits.Straight off, Coin Mixer is the only Bitcoin Tumbler we’ve ever crossed paths with which offers a “Free trial”! The free trial obviously doesn’t mean they’ll just send you free money; rather no fee or commission is charged for this free trial although it’s limited to, and is exclusive for 0.0001BTC tumbling only. Their process of acquiring the clean coins is quite unique, obtained from various stock exchanges such as DigiFinex, Cryptonex, Binance and so on; ensuring cleaner coins than some other questionable sources pertaining to their claimed check using a proprietary algorithm. In the background, a user’s money is first mixed in their pre-mixer with other coins; then sent to the stock exchanges for further mixing with other traders’ coins and then summoned back to be sent back to the users. The major flaw with the tumbler however is its lack of user-control, users have absolutely no control over the time-delays meaning you can’t specify the duration gap between the outputs rather it’s randomized between 1-6 hours. Distribution-control too can’t be controlled and the mixer sends randomized outputs to the addresses. The fee can’t be controlled by the users either and is again randomly set between 4-5%+ 0.00015 BTC network fee, truth be told it’s one of the highest tumbler fee we’ve ever seen. The minimum deposit limit is 0.0001 BTC and the maximum being 50BTC/ transaction.What marks Coin Mixer out from the crowd is the fact that this crypto mixer is able to process transactions for Bitcoin and Litecoin. There is a minimum deposit requirement for both Bitcoin and Litecoin. The site is able to support a maximum of 5 multiple addresses with confirmation required for all addresses. No site registration is required and there is a referral program in place. Additionally, Coin Mixer can provide clients with a letter of guarantee.Coin Mixer has a simple interface, it is easy to use and simple. Time-delay option can be set up to 24 hours. With regard to the fee, there is an additional fee of 0.0005 % per output address. As one of the few, this cryptocurrency tumbler provides a user with a special mixing code which guarantees that fresh crypto coins are not blended with previous deposits. Additional URL Blender is also here to guarantee that users can get to the tumbler, even if the main link is not working.</p><p> Pros:
- Doesn’t require registration
- Provides user-controlled time delays
</p> <h2 id=menu3>3. Bitcoin Laundry – Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions </h2><p>Bitcoin Laundry provides all the anonymity and protection that comes standard with a Bitcoin mixer, as well as many optional features and benefits that you won’t find anywhere else. If you use a new address for withdrawal, the coins you receive back are completely separated from your previous history on the blockchain, so it is almost impossible to link the transaction history with your personality. SmartMix commission is only 0.5% of the deposit amount plus 0.0001 BTC / 0.00005 BCH for each exit address. 5 output addresses can be set. The privacy policy makes it possible to delete all mixing information as soon as it is completed. The resource provides fast and reliable mixing of bitcoins through a simple and attractive user interface. Bitcoin Laundry has made two additional functions for its clients in contrast to its colleagues: 1. Affiliate program. Share your anonymous referral link and earn cryptocurrency bonuses. For each mixing operation performed on your link, you receive 50% of the service fee. 2. Loyalty reward program. Use your anonymous SmartClub code with every mixing operation to receive service charge discounts. The more you mix, the more you save.Bitcoin Laundry is a Bitcoin cleaner, tumbler, shifter, mixer and a lot more. It has a completely different working principal than most other mixers on this list. So, it has two different reserves of coins, one for Bitcoin and the other for Monero. It cleans coins by converting them to the other Cryptocurrency. So, you can either clean your Bitcoins and receive Monero in return, or vice-versa. The interface is pretty straight-forward. You simply choose your input and output coins, and enter your output address. For now, only 1 output address is supported which we believe simplifies things. The fee is fixed which further makes it easier to use. You either pay 0.0002 BTC when converting BTC to XMR, or 0.03442 XMR when converting XMR to BTC. It also provides a secret key which can be used to check transaction status, or get in touch with support. The process doesn’t take long either, Bitcoin Laundry only demands 1 confirmation before processing the mixes. Bitcoin amounts as low as 0003BTC and XMR as low as 0.05 can be mixed. It doesn’t require any registrations so obviously there’s no KYC. The company seems to hate the govt. and has a strict no-log policy as well.Bitcoin Laundry is a coin cleaning service that can hide your footprints in the cryptocurrency world. Currently, Bitcoin Laundry has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to transfer more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds. The client is given 5 exit addresses to be set. If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance does not update, then the client can contact the support service to take action. For users who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits. The logs are kept for 7 days after which they are automatically deleted. The platform runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer runs on a different machine, all suspicious activity is monitored and the website is automatically blocked on any signal that it is under intrusion.This particular Bitcoin Laundry supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency and does not bear any logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.01 BTC and the transaction fee is 1–3%. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program.</p><p> Pros:
- User-controlled time delays
- Allows extra payout addresses
</p> <h2 id=menu4>4. Mixero – Excellent customer support </h2><p>Mixero has a simple interface, it is easy to use and simple. Time-delay option can be set up to 24 hours. With regard to the fee, there is an additional fee of 0.0005 % per output address. As one of the few, this cryptocurrency tumbler provides a user with a special mixing code which guarantees that fresh crypto coins are not blended with previous deposits. Additional URL Blender is also here to guarantee that users can get to the tumbler, even if the main link is not working.Being honest, this isn’t the most feature-rich or control-rich Mixero mixer that’s available out there. However, it still averages mixes over 700Bitcoin/day (claimed, not verified). The coins are claimed to be sourced from mining pools in the U.S, China and Europe. Obviously they do not keep any logs. Unfortunately, only 1 output address is allowed which is a bit of a downer. The time-delay can fully be set manually. It can be as low as 0 hours, or as high as 48 hours. Any other delay between this frame can be set using the provided slider. The fee isn’t randomized, neither is it user-controlled. It’s set at a solid 0.1% for all transactions. Accepts a minimum Bitcoin deposit of 0.010BTC. Maximum funds which can be currently mixed stand at 677 BTC. Number of required confirmations depend on the amount. Only 1 is required for mixes below 2.5BTC. For 25 BTC it needs 3 confirmations. 4 confirmations for 40BTC and 5 confirmations for 50 BTC are required respectively. Doesn’t require registrations.This platform can work not only as a toggle switch, but also as a swap, that is, you can clear your coins and change the cryptocurrency to another when withdrawing, which further increases anonymity. As a Bitcoin mixer, this platform provides the ability to set a custom commission: the higher the commission, the better the privacy. There is also a time delay option that increases the level of anonymity by delaying the transaction by 24 hours. The service has an impressive supply of coins, so your transactions are made instantly, as soon as confirmation of the receipt of coins arrives, unless you manually set time delays. The minimum deposit is 0.01 BTC per transaction. Any smaller amount is also accepted, but is considered a “donation” and is not returned to Mixero customers. Finally, they also have a no log policy.This is by far the most unique Mixero I’ve ever encountered till date; that’s so pertaining to its “Time-travel” feature! (Whoa!) Basically instead of operating on the traditional receive unclean coins > send clean coins process, it instead uses a create wallet > fund it with chips beforehand > receive unclean coins > grant access to the pre-funded wallet process! This lets users spend the clean coins even before the unclean coins were sent to the mixer (because the wallet was pre-funded) and that’s the reason I termed it the time-travel mixer. Also it funds the wallets with “chips” which are not the same thing as Bitcoins, they’re basically the private keys which can be exported to your Bitcoin wallets to fund your wallets with the amount the chips were worth. It also lets users bet their Chips which has a chance of doubling the worth of their chips, other advanced features include merging which lets users combine two big chips into one single chip, or splitting which divides one big chip into two smaller chips. Its fee structure too is an unique- “Pay what you like” feature, which not only adds to user anonymity by randomizing the fee but also makes the service more affordable and customizable. Because users completely control when or how much funds they wish to withdraw, it translates into 100% user control on time-delays and distribution control. No logs are kept after a 7-day retention period; or there also is an option to manually scrub all logs whenever you wish prior to this 7-day period. The minimum deposit limit on the platform is 0.0001BTC.</p><p> Pros:
- It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit
- Excellent customer support
</p> <h2 id=menu5>5. Coinmize – Zero-log policy </h2><p>This Coinmize also supports Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, and Litecoin bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.005 BTC, 0.01 BCH, 0.1 ETH, 1 LTC, and the transaction fee is 0.5% plus 0.0005 for each extra address. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation from 1 to 50. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program. Also, it comes with a letter of guarantee.Bitcoin Blender isn’t as heavily decorated as Coinmize, as far as the webpage design goes. But the services and reviews are in no way less as compared to any of the top Bitcoin Tumbler services on the web. It’s a service functional since 2014, and offers two different kind of accounts: Quickmix: Requires no login, but offers lesser control Login enabled account: Requires you to login, provides for more control than the quickmix account. The mixing service is only accessible from its Onion URL, and even though it has a clearnet URL, it primarily only serves an educational purpose. It’s exclusively a Bitcoin mixing service, and supports only Bitcoin. As for the fee, it doesn’t have anything specific, and charges a random fee between 1-3%. This is done to keep our Bitcoins anonymous and more secure, rather than tagging them with a specific fee. Although there’s a special program, or incentive so to say, if amounts worth more than 10 BTC are deposited within a time-frame of 7 days, the fee is reduced by half! Obviously, there also is the time-delay feature, allowing us to delay the transaction by as much as 24 hours. As for security, it supports 2-factor authentication, facilitated with a customized PGP key which ensures only the holder of the PGP key along with the knowledge of the password can access your accounts. It also supports as many as 5 simultaneous deposit addresses, which get you the power to deposit unmixed funds by splitting them into more than one single transaction. And finally, there’s a no logs policy as well, and all the data including deposit addresses and support messages are deleted after 10 days.Straight off, Coinmize is the only Bitcoin Tumbler we’ve ever crossed paths with which offers a “Free trial”! The free trial obviously doesn’t mean they’ll just send you free money; rather no fee or commission is charged for this free trial although it’s limited to, and is exclusive for 0.0001BTC tumbling only. Their process of acquiring the clean coins is quite unique, obtained from various stock exchanges such as DigiFinex, Cryptonex, Binance and so on; ensuring cleaner coins than some other questionable sources pertaining to their claimed check using a proprietary algorithm. In the background, a user’s money is first mixed in their pre-mixer with other coins; then sent to the stock exchanges for further mixing with other traders’ coins and then summoned back to be sent back to the users. The major flaw with the tumbler however is its lack of user-control, users have absolutely no control over the time-delays meaning you can’t specify the duration gap between the outputs rather it’s randomized between 1-6 hours. Distribution-control too can’t be controlled and the mixer sends randomized outputs to the addresses. The fee can’t be controlled by the users either and is again randomly set between 4-5%+ 0.00015 BTC network fee, truth be told it’s one of the highest tumbler fee we’ve ever seen. The minimum deposit limit is 0.0001 BTC and the maximum being 50BTC/ transaction.What marks Coinmize out from the crowd is the fact that this crypto mixer is able to process transactions for Bitcoin and Litecoin. There is a minimum deposit requirement for both Bitcoin and Litecoin. The site is able to support a maximum of 5 multiple addresses with confirmation required for all addresses. No site registration is required and there is a referral program in place. Additionally, Coinmize can provide clients with a letter of guarantee.</p><p> Pros:
- Customizable mixing settings for better anonymity
- Zero-logs of your transactions
</p>
Water and life
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Lightning is a dramatic display of electrical power, but it is also sporadic and unpredictable. Even on a volatile Earth billions of years ago, lightning may have been too infrequent to produce amino acids in quantities sufficient for life — a fact that has cast doubt on such theories in the past, Zare said.Water spray, however, would have been more common than lightning. A more likely scenario is that mist-generated microlightning constantly zapped amino acids into existence from pools and puddles, where the molecules could accumulate and form more complex molecules, eventually leading to the evolution of life.
“Microdischarges between obviously charged water microdroplets make all the organic molecules observed previously in the Miller-Urey experiment,” Zare said. “We propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”
However, even with the new findings about microlightning, questions remain about life’s origins, he added. While some scientists support the notion of electrically charged beginnings for life’s earliest building blocks, an alternative abiogenesis hypothesis proposes that Earth’s first amino acids were cooked up around hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, produced by a combination of seawater, hydrogen-rich fluids and extreme pressure.
Yet another hypothesis suggests that organic molecules didn’t originate on Earth at all. Rather, they formed in space and were carried here by comets or fragments of asteroids, a process known as panspermia.“We still don’t know the answer to this question,” Zare said. “But I think we’re closer to understanding something more about what could have happened.”
Though the details of life’s origins on Earth may never be fully explained, “this study provides another avenue for the formation of molecules crucial to the origin of life,” Williams said. “Water is a ubiquitous aspect of our world, giving rise to the moniker ‘Blue Marble’ to describe the Earth from space. Perhaps the falling of water, the most crucial element that sustains us, also played a greater role in the origin of life on Earth than we previously recognized.”
Water and life
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Lightning is a dramatic display of electrical power, but it is also sporadic and unpredictable. Even on a volatile Earth billions of years ago, lightning may have been too infrequent to produce amino acids in quantities sufficient for life — a fact that has cast doubt on such theories in the past, Zare said.Water spray, however, would have been more common than lightning. A more likely scenario is that mist-generated microlightning constantly zapped amino acids into existence from pools and puddles, where the molecules could accumulate and form more complex molecules, eventually leading to the evolution of life.
“Microdischarges between obviously charged water microdroplets make all the organic molecules observed previously in the Miller-Urey experiment,” Zare said. “We propose that this is a new mechanism for the prebiotic synthesis of molecules that constitute the building blocks of life.”
However, even with the new findings about microlightning, questions remain about life’s origins, he added. While some scientists support the notion of electrically charged beginnings for life’s earliest building blocks, an alternative abiogenesis hypothesis proposes that Earth’s first amino acids were cooked up around hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, produced by a combination of seawater, hydrogen-rich fluids and extreme pressure.
Yet another hypothesis suggests that organic molecules didn’t originate on Earth at all. Rather, they formed in space and were carried here by comets or fragments of asteroids, a process known as panspermia.“We still don’t know the answer to this question,” Zare said. “But I think we’re closer to understanding something more about what could have happened.”
Though the details of life’s origins on Earth may never be fully explained, “this study provides another avenue for the formation of molecules crucial to the origin of life,” Williams said. “Water is a ubiquitous aspect of our world, giving rise to the moniker ‘Blue Marble’ to describe the Earth from space. Perhaps the falling of water, the most crucial element that sustains us, also played a greater role in the origin of life on Earth than we previously recognized.”
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